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Modifiers are keywords that you add to those definitions to change their meanings. The Java language has a wide variety of modifiers, including the following:
To use a modifier, you include its keyword in the definition of a class, method, or variable. The modifier precedes the rest of the statement, as in the following examples (Italic ones):
public class className { // ...}private boolean myFlag;static final double weeks = 9.5;protected static final int BOXWIDTH = 42;public static void main(String[] arguments) { // body of method}Access Control Modifiers:
Java provides a number of access modifiers to set access levels for classes, variables, methods and constructors. The four access levels are:
Java provides a number of non-access modifiers to achieve many other functionality.
In the next section, I will be discussing about Basic Operators used in the Java Language. The chapter will give you an overview of how these operators can be used during application development.
To use a modifier, you include its keyword in the definition of a class, method, or variable. The modifier precedes the rest of the statement, as in the following examples (Italic ones):
public class className { // ...}private boolean myFlag;static final double weeks = 9.5;protected static final int BOXWIDTH = 42;public static void main(String[] arguments) { // body of method}Access Control Modifiers:
Java provides a number of access modifiers to set access levels for classes, variables, methods and constructors. The four access levels are:
- Visible to the package, the default. No modifiers are needed.
- Visible to the class only (private).
- Visible to the world (public).
- Visible to the package and all subclasses (protected).
Java provides a number of non-access modifiers to achieve many other functionality.
- The static modifier for creating class methods and variables
- The final modifier for finalizing the implementations of classes, methods, and variables.
- The abstract modifier for creating abstract classes and methods.
- The synchronized and volatile modifiers, which are used for threads.
In the next section, I will be discussing about Basic Operators used in the Java Language. The chapter will give you an overview of how these operators can be used during application development.
